物质特性全解析：密度、熔点与沸点的秘密

Comprehensive Analysis of Material Properties: The Secrets of Density, Melting Point, and Boiling Point

密度：衡量物质单位体积质量的关键参数，对材料科学、化工、建材等领域至关重要。

Density: A key parameter measuring the mass per unit volume of a substance, crucial for fields such as materials science, chemical engineering, and construction materials.

相对密度：亦称为密度之比，用于比较不同物质的密度，是化工原料术语中的基础概念。

Specific Gravity: Also known as the ratio of densities, it is used to compare the densities of different substances and is a fundamental concept in the terminology of chemical raw materials.

熔点与凝固点：描述物质在特定蒸气压下，从固态转变为液态（熔化）或从液态转变为固态（凝固）的特定温度，对金属冶炼、高分子材料加工等行业具有指导意义。

Melting Point and Freezing Point: Describe the specific temperatures at which a substance transitions from solid to liquid (melting) or from liquid to solid (freezing) under specific vapor pressure, guiding industries such as metal smelting and polymer processing.

熔点范围：通过毛细管法测定，表示物质从开始熔化到完全熔化的温度区间，对制药、化工等行业的质量控制至关重要。

Melting Range: Determined by the capillary method, it represents the temperature range from the onset of melting to complete melting, essential for quality control in pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

结晶点：液体在冷却过程中转变为固态的相变温度，对塑料、食品工业等领域的产品开发和工艺优化具有重要影响。

Crystallization Point: The phase transition temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid during cooling, significantly impacting product development and process optimization in plastics and food industries.

倾点：液体石油产品在标准条件下冷却至停止流动的最低温度，对石油化工行业的产品运输和储存具有重要意义。

Pour Point: The lowest temperature at which a liquid petroleum product ceases to flow under standard conditions, important for the transportation and storage of products in the petrochemical industry.

沸点：液体在特定压力下转变为气体的温度，对化工、制药等行业的蒸馏和蒸发过程至关重要。

Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas under specific pressure, critical for distillation and evaporation processes in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

沸程：在标准状态下，产品在规定温度范围内的馏出体积，对石油化工产品的规格分类和质量控制具有指导作用。

Boiling Range: Under standard conditions, the volume of a product distilled within a specified temperature range, guiding the specification classification and quality control of petrochemical products.

升华：固态物质直接转变为气态的现象，对化工合成、材料科学等领域的工艺过程和产品特性有重要影响。

Sublimation: The phenomenon where a solid substance directly transitions into a gaseous state, significantly affecting process and product characteristics in chemical synthesis and material science.

蒸发速度：液体表面气化现象的速率，受蒸气压和分子量的影响，在化工、食品工业等领域的干燥和浓缩过程中具有重要作用。

Evaporation Rate: The rate of vaporization from the surface of a liquid, influenced by vapor pressure and molecular weight, playing a significant role in drying and concentration processes in chemical and food industries.

蒸气压：液体在一定温度下与其蒸气达到平衡时的压力，对化工、制药等行业的工艺控制和产品稳定性具有指导价值。

Vapor Pressure: The pressure at which a liquid and its vapor are in equilibrium at a certain temperature, guiding process control and product stability in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

共沸：两种或多种液体形成的恒沸点混合物，对化工合成、石油精炼等行业的分离和纯化过程具有重要意义。

Azeotrope: A constant boiling mixture formed by two or more liquids, significant for separation and purification processes in chemical synthesis and petroleum refining.

折射率：光在两种不同介质中光速比值的物理量，对光学材料、电子工业等领域的材料特性研究具有重要作用。

Refractive Index: The ratio of the speed of light in two different media, important for material property research in optical materials and the electronics industry.

闪点：可燃性液体蒸气压和空气混合物与火焰接触发生闪火时的最低温度，对消防、化工安全等领域至关重要。

Flash Point: The lowest temperature at which the vapor pressure of a combustible liquid and air mixture ignites when exposed to a flame, crucial for fire protection and chemical safety.

燃点：可燃性液体蒸气与空气混合物与火焰接触立即着火仍能继续燃烧的最低温度，对化工安全和火灾预防具有指导意义。

Ignition Point: The lowest temperature at which a combustible liquid's vapor and air mixture immediately ignites and continues to burn when exposed to a flame, guiding chemical safety and fire prevention.

自燃点：可燃性物质在没有接触明火就能引起着火的最低温度，对化工安全和火灾预防具有重要意义。

Spontaneous Ignition Point: The lowest temperature at which a combustible material ignites without contact with an open flame, significant for chemical safety and fire hazard assessment.

爆炸极限：可燃气体、液体蒸气或固体粉尘与空气混合达到一定浓度范围时的爆炸风险，对化工安全和风险评估至关重要。

Explosive Limits: The explosion risk when combustible gases, liquid vapors, or solid dusts mixed with air reach a certain concentration range, crucial for chemical safety and risk assessment.

粘度：流体流动中内部摩擦阻力的度量，对石油、化工、轻工、建材、煤炭、冶金、交通、国防、航天等行业具有广泛应用。

Viscosity: A measure of the internal friction resistance during fluid flow, widely applied in industries such as petroleum, chemical engineering, light industry, construction materials, coal, metallurgy, transportation, national defense, and aerospace.